Information systems strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4882 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Network Essay Did you like this example? PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of report: This report has been requested by Mr Frank Hedge, the CEO of Myer Department Stores- Australia. The reports purpose is to investigate and analyse the strategic role of information technology (IT) to Myers business, including an IT infrastructure audit. Cloud computing is evaluated, and recommendations made for its partial adoption. 1.2 Limitations: This report is limited by the lack of IT infrastructure details provided by Myer. Assumptions were made when required, to enable completion of the report. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information systems strategy" essay for you Create order 1.3 Scope of the report: This report focuses on Myer and the potential use of cloud computing within its IT infrastructure. Divided into four main sections, the report covers Myer; IT infrastructure challenges; cloud computing costs/ benefits and recommendations for cloud computing adoption. It has been compiled from research literature and phone/email interviews with two Myer store managers. 1.4) Myer and its industry Homepage URL; https://www.myer.com.au/ Myer is Australias largest department store group with 65 stores and approximately 14,000 employees. It is present in 25 of Australias top 30 retail centres and attracted 185 million customers in 2009 (Myer 2010). Myer generated net profits of $106.8 million for the first half of the 2011 financial year (AAP 2011). Myer operates across major segments of the Australian non-food retail industry as a department store chain. This industry consists of four segments; household goods, clothing soft goods, department stores and other (eg newspapers, books) (Myer 2010). Myer competes with other department stores, discount department stores, and single store operators as well as internet retailers and direct retailers. Within the department store segment, David Jones is Myers main competition though the former targets a slightly higher income group (Myer 2010). Competition exists with other retailers on price, store location, product range and customer service. Additionally, consum er demand hinges on factors such as disposable income which are sensitive to macroeconomic conditions eg interest rate rises (Myer 2010). The industry has struggled recently, due to weak consumer confidence and increased competition from cheaper overseas internet retailers (GST free and strong Australian Dollar) (Brooks 2010). 1.5) Myers products services: Myer offers approximately 600 000 product lines from 800 suppliers globally including categories such as; clothing; beauty and cosmetics; electrical and homewares (Myer 2010). Myer provides additional products and services such as; Myer One customer loyalty program, over 3 million members. Gift cards Myer corporate sales- eg corporate gifts, office fit outs, VIP nights Insurance (home, contents, travel, car) Bridal gift registry Myer Visa Card (Myer 2010). 1.6) Myers corporate mission corporate structure: ‘At Myer we strive to offer customers a wide and relevant choice of brands, rewards and ideas in a way that makes them feel both welcome and inspired, (Myer 2010, p.3). Myers corporate structure is shown in Figure 1.1. Head office operates under a hybrid of divisional (eg apparel, electrical division) and functional groups (Finance, marketing etc). A national retail store manager oversees regional store managers, who oversee individual store managers. Head office functional groups, directly manage their particular function (eg HR) in the individual stores (Myer 2010; S Johnson 2011, pers. comm., 20 April). (Adapted from: Myer 2010, pp. 25-7). 1.7) Myers major business processes: Laudon and Laudon (2010), note business processes are sets of activities to produce a product or service. Due to its variety of offer, Myer has many business processes such as; Sourcing product to offer in store. Automating administrative processes. Reducing stock theft. Creating visual merchandise displays. Analysing potential sites for new stores. Refurbishing existing stores. Making sales (Myer 2010). 1.8) Myers business strategy Myer has invested substantially in its business since 2006 ($500 million) realizing a world class supply chain, improved retail execution and focused customer service (competitive advantages) (Myer 2010). Myer aims for additional margin and sales growth using specific strategies of; Opening 15 new stores in next five years. Revitalizing instore environments for a better customer experience. Expanding the Myer One program. Implementing a new point of sale system (POS) improving productivity customer service. Implementing a CCTV system to reduce losses (Myer 2010). 1.9) Myers relationships with external entities: Myer has significant relationships with a variety of entities which include; Its 800 global suppliers (Myer 2010). Global sourcing offices in Hong Kong and Shanghai (Algar 2011). Partnership with Melbourne Institute of Technology for paid internship for students (RMIT 2011). Myers involved with philanthropic and community programs including children and womens charities and Melbourne Christmas Carols (Myer 2010). PART 2: IT INFRASTRUCTURE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES(727 words) 2.1) Description of Myers IT infrastructure: Laudon and Laudon (2010 p. 191) describe IT infrastructure as, ‘the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firms specific information system applications. It includes investment in hardware, software, and services†¦that are shared across the entire firm†¦. Myers IT infrastructure was analysed according to Laudon and Laudons (2010 p. 203) model which comprises of seven components. The required information was obtained from Myers Head Office IT department and interviews with two store managers (Appendix 1). A summary of each component is presented in Table 2.1. The IT infrastructure differs between head office and individual stores, due to centralization (Slotty 2009). TABLE 2.1 Summary of Myers IT infrastructure ecosystem. Component Head Office Individual Stores 1) Computer hardware platforms Client machines- eg desktops (mainly IBM types eg Lenovo), laptops smart phones used. Servers- IBM types eg x86. Mainframes- N/A Floor staff- terminals only. Managers- Desktops (eg Lenovo and some older HP), mobile phones (voice only).IBM server/s present. 2) Operating system platforms Clients- Microsoft Windows 7. Servers- Linux Clients- Mainly Windows 7. Servers- Linux 3) Enterprise software applications An Oracle portal is present (middleware) to bring together Myers newer systems. SAP HR is a legacy system via the portal. Staff have access only to relevant systems via the portal. 4) Networking/ Telecommunication Networking hardware by IBM working with Cisco. Telecommunicating services by Telstra (voice data). LANs WANs based on Linux. Wireless internet in head office. As per head office, though wireless internet not available. Intranets (within store and with head office) extranets with suppliers exist. 5) Consultants/ system integrators IBM supplies a range of IT services to Myer, eg networking, desktop, applications, help desk. IBM supplies a range of IT services to Myer, eg networking, desktop, applications, help desk. 6) Data management storage Myer uses a 3rd party data center for main storage. Myers data accessed via Oracles retail data warehouse software (RDW). Localized content saved to a local server. RDW software available to managers for limited functions eg comparison of sales. 7) Internet platforms Website uses Microsoft.NET software as well as Java. Not aware of hosting services or hardware used.Website most likely outsourced. Stores internet access- email (managers only). Only electrical division has world wide web access. (Adapted: Myer IT department; Interview with two Myer Store managers 2011). The key findings from the analysis of Myers IT infrastructure presented above, are as follows; Computer hardware platforms: Client machines (desktops) are not standardized across Myer. A small number of servers exist at multiple locations (65 stores) doing replicated tasks (localized data storage, networking etc). Operating system platforms: Client and server machine software is licensed per computer with Windows variability on client machines. Large information asymmetry exists between managers and sales staff due to their limited access to software (Laudon Laudon 2010). Enterprise software applications: While an intranet portal exists to link to Myers applications, only newer applications (eg Mymerch- merchandising, POS) are fully integrated. Many legacy systems remain isolated and not integrated. Networking/Telecommunications: Myer operates both analog (phone system) and digital (data) networks using two providers (Telstra and IBM). While Myer accesses the internet, it also operates private networks (intranet) in the form of LANs and WANs. Networking is not possible between individual stores. Consultants System Integrators: Integration and implementation of new IT infrastructure is outsourced to IBM, including training. Data management storage: While the majority of Myers data is stored with a third party vendor, localized data storage occurs at individual stores (65). Internet platforms: Physical infrastructure and maintenance of Myers website is outsourced to third parties. Information asymmetry exists, with very limited access to internet for individual stores. Myers network infrastructure is further illustrated in Figure 2.1, which outlines information flows. Note information does not flow between stores, only between stores and head office. (Adapted: Myer IT department; Interview with two Myer Store managers 2011). 2.2) The issues and challenges of managing Myers IT infrastructure: Myer faces several challenges and issues in managing its IT infrastructure. Laudon and Laudon (2010) identify challenges arising from platform and technology change, management and governance and investing in infrastructure prudently. These challenges are also influenced by the strategic role of IT to the business and the impact of the industry in which the organization operates. By revisiting section 1.8 it can be seen that IT plays an important strategic role in achieving Myers medium term goals of increased operating margins and sales growth by; Facilitating increased supplier and sales volumes from new store initiatives (eg hardware and software required). Optimizing productivity, cost savings and customer satisfaction via implementation of new applications (POS system and CCTV loss prevention system). Catering for an expanded Myer One loyalty program (increased data storage and analysis needs for targeted marketing) (Myer 2010). As a result of ITs important strategic role, the challenges of managing Myers IT infrastructure are intensified. This is best demonstrated by specific examples; The challenge of platform and infrastructure change: To best accommodate expected future growth, improved productivity, cost efficiencies and increased data needs, infrastructure components need to be easily scalable (Armbrust et al 2010). This will be particularly true with regards to Myers hardware software platforms, its enterprise software applications and its networking, internet and data storage platforms. Currently, significant pressures exist within Myers industry. Consumer spending is down and offshore internet retailers are offering cheaper prices due to the strong Australian dollar and absence of GST (Brooks 2010). This poses further challenges to Myer to adjust components of its IT infrastructure quickly to generate database driven marketing programs or improve its operating efficiencies (Myer 2010). If cloud computing platforms are considered as future components of Myers infrastructure, then appropriate use guidelines and practices will be needed. Service level agreements (SLAs) for example would commit cloud computing vendors to minimum levels of performance and reliability for Myers systems (Hinchcliffe 2009). The challenge of management and governance: The management and governance of Myers IT infrastructure is significant, considering its strategic role, further evidenced by the commitment of $500 million to its IT program since 2006 (Myer 2010). Aspects to be considered include the location of IT control (centralized or decentralized model), the allocation of IT costs to functional groups or stores, the strategies and policies for using IT and measuring effective return on IT investments (Laudon Laudon 2010). The challenge of investing in IT infrastructure prudently: Considering the significance of IT infrastructure for Myer as it seeks its business goals, this is a crucial challenge. Whether Myer should rent or buy its infrastructure components will be further investigated in section 4 of this report. (Laudon Laudon 2010) PART 3: CLOUD COMPUTING ITS BUSINESS BENEFITS COSTS(986 words) 3.1)An overview of Cloud Computing: Zhang et al. (2010) note cloud computing is not a new idea. While many definitions abound, from an organizations perspective, ‘Cloud computing is an architecture in which companies consume technology resources as an internet service rather than as an owned system (Brandel 2009, p. 1). Most people have already experienced cloud computing through the use of Hotmail, Gmail or Facebook (Wyld 2009). Recent improvements in internet bandwidth, virtualization of servers and storage, open source software, adoption of Web 2.0 standards, has pushed cloud computing strongly into the business sphere (Kennedy 2011). Mell and Grance (2011) claim that cloud computing consists of five crucial characteristics, three service models (software, platform and infrastructure as services) and four deployment models (private, community, public and hybrid clouds) which are outlined in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. Potentially cloud computing can deliver to a business most of its IT needs (from computing po wer to collaboration tools to software) as an on demand service, wherever and whenever required. As long as an internet connection exists, computing becomes location and device independent (Agger 2009). TABLE3.1 The crucial characteristics, and service models of cloud computing. Crucial Characteristics Description/ Outline On-demand self-service Consumer can provision their computing capabilities automatically without needing human interaction with a services provider. Broad network access Capabilities are accessed via network, through standard mechanisms, promoting use by mixed client platforms (eg mobiles, PDAs). Resource pooling Providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model. Resources dynamically assigned/reassigned dependent on demand, include storage, processing, memory, bandwidth Rapid elasticity Capabilities can be rapidly elastically provisioned, to quickly scale out rapidly released to quickly scale in. Purchased as required. Measured Service Cloud system automatically control optimize resource use by using a metering capability relevant to the type of service. Resource usage can be monitored, controlled reported for the utilized service. Cloud Service Models Description/ Outline Software as a Service (SaaS) Offers renting application functionality from a service provider rather than buying, installing and managing software yourself. Examples include Salesforce.com and Gmail. Platform as a Service (PaaS) Provides a platform in the cloud, upon which applications can be developed executed. Eg Microsoft (Azure), Google AppEngine. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Vendors offer computing power storage space on demand. Eg Rackspace Amazon EC2 (compute) S3 (storage). (Adapted from: Mell Grance 2011, pp. 2-3; Department of Finance Deregulation 2011, pp. 12-3) TABLE3.2 The deployment models of cloud computing. Deployment Models Description/ Outline Private (internal) cloud Cloud services are provided solely for an organization are managed by the organization or third party. These services may exist on/off site. Community cloud Cloud services are shared by several organizations support a specific community that has shared concerns. Services may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist off site eg government. Public cloud Cloud services are available to the public and owned by an organization selling cloud services eg Amazon.EC2. Hybrid cloud An integrated cloud services pact that includes a cloud model something else (another cloud model, back end systems, etc), eg data kept in private cloud database, used by program running in public cloud (Adapted from: Mell Grance 2011, pp. 2-3; Department of Finance Deregulation 2011, pp. 12-3) 3.2) Current trends in Cloud Computing: Present studies suggest, ‘†¦the number of organizations using cloud computing to rise to 43% within four years as they continue to cut their costs (Cross 2011 p. 1). In addition to greater cloud computing use in general, there are several trends within cloud computing concerning areas such as; User type deployment models- ONeill (2011), notes small to medium enterprises using cloud computing are typically accessing public clouds for cost savings compared with private clouds. Alternatively larger enterprises use private clouds (third party or onsite) for greater control. Governments (federal level) are trialing SaaS and Ouellette (2011) believes state and local governments will soon follow. Purposes for using cloud services- Its principal use remains as a testing/developing environment and/or as a platform for less critical services and applications (Knorr Gruman 2010). Synder (in The Australian 2010) believes moving core applications to the cloud is still to come. ITs changing role- Hakala (2009) believes the need for IT workers performing maintenance tasks will contract as cloud computing is embraced and employees can ‘self serve directly from the cloud. Innovation- Cloud computing will continue to be a conduit for business innovation due to its low costs and rapid scalability of IT resources (Kennedy 2011; Information Age 2011) Pricing- Cloud computing pricing (especially commodity) continues to become cheaper and simpler for users. Thibodeau (2009) suggests models utilizing a set number of hours for a range of cloud services. SLAs improved security- Improving cloud computing reliability via strong service level agreements (SLAs) continues (Hinchcliffe 2009). Colley (2011) Violino (2010) expect most businesses will demand independent certification of cloud providers reliability in next few years. Cloud providers are targeting improved security to allay user concerns. Working groups such as the Cloud Security Alliance are focusing on this issue (Thibodeau 2009). Violino (2010) noted a need for better access control and identity management within and across clouds. Improved performance and service- The performance of cloud services rises, as more managed service providers enter the market (Ouellette 2011) and performance monitoring standardises (Thibodeau 2009). Typically IT staff connect cloud services individually, though cloud aggregators and integrators are emerging to smooth this barrier (Knorr Gruman 2010). 3.3) The business benefits of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing offers many benefits to business. Leighton (2009 p. 5) asserts, cloud computing will ‘transform the way IT is consumed and managed, promising improved cost efficiencies, accelerated innovation, faster time-to-market, and the ability to scale applications on demand. Sagari (c. 2010) notes the level of benefits cloud computing brings to an organization will vary dependant on the types of services utilized, the business processes evident and the degree of integration achieved. Major business benefits can include; Reduced costs (set up ongoing) * Increased flexibility response times Scalability increased efficiencies * Increased business focus. Increased innovation * Improved mobility Armbrust et al (2010) maintains, one of the most impressive benefits of cloud computing is scalability (elasticity of resources). The business pays for its hardware needs (servers, storage) on demand with the cloud providing great elasticity. Business needs can be scaled up or down as required, saving time, money and improving revenue in peak periods (Zhang et al. 2006; Waxer n.d.). Additional business benefits offered by cloud computing include; Smoothed cash flow * Increased strategic role for IT Reduced business risk * Improved sustainability. Greater computation power * Improved business continuity These benefits are further expanded in Appendix 2 with business examples and their references. 3.4) Cloud computing solutions for Myer: Section 4 details specific cloud computing recommendations to be adopted by Myer. In contrast, Table 3.3, outlines cloud computing solutions best suited to Myer for the aspect identified in column one. The reasons for these choices are as follows; Servers for serving applications- Amazon EC2 has been the market leader in this area and for good reason (Huang 2010). It exceeds Microsoft Azures new offering and it has a superior range of operating systems to use (eg Linux, Myer using), compared with Googles App Engine (Amazon 2011). Servers for storage- Amazon S3 was preferred over Microsoft Azure and Nirvanix for the reasons noted in Table 3.3 eg a price leader, very easy to use and highly reliable, SLA exceeding 99.99% (Huang 2010). Client productivity software- Microsofts new Office 365 retains the known office layout of which Myer staff are familiar. Additionally it incorporates email, calendar collaboration tools. Superior in features to Google Docs or Zoho (McAllister 2010). Private cloud- If recommended to Myer, Amazons virtual private cloud is a good solution. It integrates easily with a firms existing IT infrastructure, including firewalls and security systems (Amazon 2011). Applications- As an application development platform, Force.com has been suggested for its long history of business application development. Furthermore, to use this environment, subscription to Salesforce.com CRM applications are required, which may be beneficial to Myer (Force.com c.2011). TABLE 3.3Most suitable cloud computing solutions for Myer. Aspect Model Vendor Reasons Selected Servers-serving/ processing IaaS Amazon: EC2 Reputation, elastic, flexible- supports many uses and languages, ease of use, payment flexibility- on demand basis $/hr. secure. SLA- 99.95%, Storage IaaS Amazon: S3 Very easy to use, price leader (eg $0.15/GB/mth) and highly reliable SLA exceeds 99.99%. Client productivity soft SaaS Microsoft: Office 365 Familiar Microsoft Office platform via the cloud, email also other tools. Eg $6/user/mth, SLA 99.9% Private Cloud Multi Amazon Amazons virtual private cloud- integrates easily, firms security systems wrap around it. Applications Multi Salesforce / Force.com Salesforces-CRM application- sales service cloud, Force.com for application development platform. (Adapted from: Amazon 2011;Force.com c. 2011; Microsoft 2011) 3.5) Costs of cloud computing to Myer: Typically the IT industry uses ‘Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) to determine the total cost of a technology implementation (Laudon Laudon 2010). Table 3.4 provides an estimate of the costs to Myer in implementing the cloud computing solutions listed in Table 3.3. As can be seen, support, maintenance, space and energy costs pass to the cloud provider and hardware and software acquisition costs are essentially avoided. Some training costs of the IT staff involved in implementing and/or the staff using the cloud services would be incurred (Aggarwal McCabe 2009). A small amount of ongoing support to Office 365 users may also be required. Integration issues and costs are not expected, as the servers and software to be sourced via the cloud will not be critical systems. Additional infrastructure costs (eg bandwidth) resulting from cloud computings greater internet reliance, may occur. Downtime estimates from providers SLAs are less than typical IT departments of large compani es ie 44hrs/yr (Mann 2010). Moving data into and out of Amazon S3 storage, will incur costs (Amazon 2011). Finally, Aggarwal and McCabe (2009), reported TCO savings of some 50% over four years, for medium sized businesses implementing CRM software from the cloud, compared with on-premise deployment. TABLE 3.4 Total cost of ownership (TCO) for Myers cloud computing solutions. Infrastructure Component 1) Servers Processing (Amazon EC2) 2) Servers storage (Amazon S3) 3) Client soft. (eg Microsoft Office 365) 4) Applications Development (Force.com) Hardware acquisition Nil cost Nil cost Use existing Use existing Software acquisition Db small cost Nil cost Eg $6/user/mth Nil cost Installation Minimal cost Data in $0.1/GB Data out varies Need web browser Need web browser Training Minimal to IT Minimal to IT staff. Minimal to IT staff. Self taught to IT (2 -3 hours) Support By provider By provider Minimal By provider Maintenance By provider By provider By provider By provider Infrastructure Internet cost Internet cost Internet cost Internet cost Downtime 4.5hrs/yr. 52mins/yr. 8.75hrs/yr. 8.75hrs/yr. Space energy By provider By provider By provider By provider Cost to use service ~ $0.50/hr using Linux OS ~ $0.15/GB/mth Eg $6/user/mth $15 to $75/user /mth (Adapted from: Laudon Laudon 2010, p. 224; Amazon 2011; Microsoft 2011; Force.com c.2011 ) PART 4: RECOMMENDATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION/ ADAPTION(785 words) 4.1) Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure Investment: Specific recommendations for the adoption of a cloud computing strategy by Myer will soon be made. These recommendations will be based on the preceding analysis and also take into account the ‘competitive forces model for IT infrastructure as described in Laudon and Laudon (2010 pp. 222-3). Table 4.1 summarises the main points of this model as it relates to Myer. TABLE 4.1: Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure investment of Myer Model components Outcome 1) Market demand for Myers services (eg customer, supplier enterprise): Myers point of sale (POS) system supply chain improvements are based on extensive research of their services. These systems improved efficiency speed, and are satisfying customers, suppliers staff (Tindal 2010) Information asymmetry especially with sales staff is affecting performance. Current IT investment (CII) is meeting this aspect. 2) Myers business strategy: Myers five year goals are to increase operating margins sales growth. Major initiatives which are being implemented (section 1.8), are delivering many of these aims. Cloud computing capabilities could provide further cost savings. CII is mostly meeting this aspect. 3) Myers IT strategy, infrastructure and cost: As noted in section 2.2, the IT strategy is closely aligned with Myers goals and helping to drive growth and improved margins. Further centralization of IT (cloud computing) would reduce costs (Table 3.4 for TCO). CII is mostly meeting this aspect, cut costs further. 4) Information technology assessment: $500 million of IT investment over the last 5 years has Myer well situated in terms of technology uptake. It was previously lagging. Adoption of some cloud computing aspects at this date (maturing market) is positive (Gartner 2010). CII is mostly meeting this aspect, trial cloud service 5) Competitor firms IT services: David Jones is using IT by growing its etail business, maximising its store credit card system (David Jones 2010). Myers IT investments bring competitive advantage to its supply chain superior customer service compared with other department stores (Myer 2010). Internet is bringing challenges to Myer. CII is mostly meeting this aspect, cut costs further 6) Competitor firms IT infrastructure investments: Benchmarking Myers IT infrastructure spending against competitors was not attainable. Its expected Myer is at the forefront of IT investment in their field. CII is meeting this aspect. (Adapted from: Laudon Laudon 2010, pp. 222-3) The competitive forces model above, can help determine if Myers spending on IT infrastructure is adequate to sustain, grow and compete in their field (Laudon Laudon 2010). From this review, it appears Myers current level of IT investment is sufficient to attain their stated goals of improved sales growth and increased operating margins (ie decreased costs). The following points though, should be noted; Information asymmetry is affecting the performance of sales staff. Cloud computing initiatives and further centralization of IT could reduce costs. Cloud computing is maturing, providing a good time to trial services (Gartner 2010). Internet retailers (especially overseas) are challenging Myer, cost cutting is required. 4.2) Recommendations: Based on the results of the competitive forces model above, and sections 1 to 3 of this report, the following recommendations concerning cloud computing adoption by Myer, will now be made; The servers at the 65 stores to be replaced by Amazon EC2 and S3 cloud computing services. The client machines (eg desktops) throughout Myer to migrate to Microsoft Office 365 (SaaS) Head office sales/marketing staff to trial Salesforce.com CRM software (SaaS). Force.com to be utilized as a development and testing platform for non-critical applications. Investigate the use of a private cloud by Myer in the future (next 3 years). As discussed in section 4.1, Myers current level of IT investment is not inhibiting business growth. Rather, the cloud computing recommendations made, offer possibilities for increased productivity and cost reductions. They also provide opportunities to trial and test cloud solutions with non-critical systems and data, which should ease concerns over provider reliability or data security (Strickland 2008). Amazons S3 data storage for example is backed up at several diverse locations in the event of failure (Amazon 2011). Training of IT staff or other staff will be minimal as outlined in section 3.5. There should be no major issues or concerns regarding the successful implementation of these recommendations. Leighton (2009) noted, cloud computing can bring cost efficiencies, faster innovation, as well as ability to scale. These are all attributes Myer desires. The reasons for each of these recommendations will now be explained. Recommendation 1: Replacing the servers at the individual stores with cloud solutions will decrease operating costs (section 3.5). Servers currently performing networking and non-critical application serving can be replaced by Amazons EC2. Servers used for localized data storage at individual stores (excludes data in the data center) can be replaced by Amazons S3 service. This will help solve scalability issues, mentioned in Section 2.2. This recommendation further centralizes the role of IT at Myer as the maintenance of the servers at 65 stores will pass to Amazon. In large organizations such as Myer, a centralized role is advantageous due to cost efficiencies and increased production (Slotty 2009). Recommendation 2: Replacing Microsoft productivity software (eg office, outlook) on desktops/laptops with a cloud version (Office 365) will further drive cost efficiencies (section 3.5). Continuing to use a Microsoft product is comfortable for staff, and they can test ‘software as a service. Providing sales staff with access to some of these communication and collaboration tools will reduce information asymmetry and improve performance (Laudon Laudon 2010). Ideally, desktop hardware and operating systems (eg Windows 7) would also be standardized across Myer to improve efficiencies (Slotty 2009). Recommendations 3 4: Recommendations 3 4 achieve two goals. Firstly head office sales/marketing staff can trial the leading CRM cloud software for minimal cost (Salesforce.com 2011). They may find some functions useful to their work and/or generate new ideas for Myer applications. Secondly, IT can use the sister site, Force.com as a development and testing platform for non-critical applications. This provides the benefits of flexibility, rapid scalability for testing and allows greater innovation to occur as trialing new products becomes inexpensive and easy to provision (Knorr Gruman 2010). Recommendation 5: Myer should investigate the future use of a private cloud to further streamline operating efficiencies and drive innovation. This cloud could be outsourced to a third party or built in house and managed by a cloud provider eg Amazon virtual private cloud. Its envisaged this cloud would host all data and core enterprise systems. While potentially several years away, as data security and reliability of cloud services continues to improve, this is a stronger possibility (Hinchcliffe 2009). Finally, its advised that Myer also moves fully to an internet based architecture for its networks (eg LAN WAN). Its analog phone system could be moved to the internet via VOIP technology, further reducing costs (Laudon Laudon 2010). These measures would help to open up lines of communication between stores, which are currently missing. PART 5: CONCLUSIONS This report has investigated the strategic role of Information technology (IT) to Myers business and particularly the position cloud computing can take in its future. After extensive consultation with Myer and relevant literature several points were noted. Myer is operating within a challenging retail environment with increased competition from overseas internet retailers. IT infrastructure investment and systems of Myer are generally sufficient for their stated goals of continued sales growth and improved operating margins. Information asymmetry between staff members exists, as does restrictions to internet access. A detailed cloud computing analysis produced several recommendations for the partial adoption of cloud services. Migration of non-critical data and replicated systems at individual stores to a cloud environment, would provide Myer with further cost efficiencies, increased innovation and the ability to scale infrastructure quickly. Minimal disruption to Myer and it s staff would result from the cost effective implementation process. Finally, improving internet access and reducing information asymmetry amongst staff will deliver improved performance and continued sales growth for Myer.

Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay - 821 Words

The body has a natural response to immanent danger approaching. Often it undergoes a â€Å"flight-or-fight†, a physiological response to a harmful event or threat of survival. However, this reaction to danger can be damaged or altered due to Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD usually occurs after a terrifying event that involves physical harm, or the threat of it. Instead of the body having a natural response to danger, this â€Å"flight-or-fight† reaction could occur at any given, uncontrollable moment. Traumatic events including rape, child abuse, natural disasters, and car accidents are one of the many things that can trigger PTSD. PTSD was originally brought to attention when war-veterans were experiencing these symptoms. One veteran†¦show more content†¦As mentioned before, one suffering from a recent traumatic event can have a higher probability of obtaining PTSD, although it is not very likely to obtain it at all. Before being diagnosed with PTS D, there are a few symptoms to consider as well. PTSD can lead to a handful of symptoms. These symptoms categorize under, re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms. Re-experiencing symptoms occur from things that remind a person of the traumatic event that happened and will affect one’s daily routine. These symptoms include flashbacks, bad dreams, and frightening thoughts. By having these symptoms occur, one would try to avoid performing daily routines if it reminds them of the traumatic event. Avoidance symptoms affect one’s personal routine. One would avoid everything that would remind them of the scenario that occurred. These symptoms include, guild, depression, worry, staying away from anything that reminds them of the event, difficulty remembering the traumatic event, and incapable of experiencing emotions. Lastly, hyper-arousal symptoms involve being easily scared, feeling tense, or insomnia. 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If an individual is experiencing symptoms, they must last for more than a month and be severe enough to interfere with the individual’s everyday life for a physician to diagnosis the condition as PTSD (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). There has been success with patients recovering from the condition within 6 months of the traumatic event, whileRead MoreSymptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1740 Words   |  7 PagesAcross the nation there are children, both male and female, who suffer from symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) each day. These children are victims of a variety of trauma, such as â€Å"natural disasters, war, sexual abuse, witnessing violent behavior on another person, serious life-thr eatening illness, and community violence† (Sauter Franklin, 1998). 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ATTAKORAH PRAIRIE STATE COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY 101 5/3/16 INTRODUCTION Many of the war veterans who came home from the Vietnam War came home with PTSD or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder which is a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event- either through experiencing it or witnessing it. Although it happens most to those who serve in the military, it can happen to anyone who goes either goes through or witnesses a traumatic eventRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2753 Words   |  12 Pagesexperience PTSD. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can last for many years, though some recover after 6-12 months. (Anxiety, n.p.) Like panic disorders, a person with PTSD may look to alcohol to cope with their feelings. Those with PTSD may have another type of anxiety and depression may also accompany the symptoms of the anxiety disorder. Do you ever feel self-conscious in situations with a lot of people? Do you get nervous thinking about standing in front of people and what they will think of youRead MorePost-traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment1612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Statement of Thesis Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious condition and one that is challenging in terms of identifying the disorder and effectively coping with this disorder. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that the individual develops following a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm. The person who develops PTSD may have been the one who was harmed, the harm may have happened toRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1033 Words   |  5 Pagesdepressive disorder that I chose for my final paper is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or more commonly known as PSTD. This is a very complex disorder and effects men, women, and children alike. Most people associate PSTD with servicemen or women returning from defending our country. However, statistics show these people do experience PTSD, they are not the only people this disorder effects. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a reaction a person has after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic, lifeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1189 Words   |  5 Pagesbattle fatigue, Post Traumatic Stress Diso rder has been around since the history of stressful events themselves. First discovered in the 1600’s as nostalgia, it was usually left untreated as it was seen as a sign of weakness in men. In the early years of diagnosis’s, PTSD was most commonly present in soldiers due to their always present high stress situations. PTSD is a mental illness caused by traumatizing events or series of events. As defined by healthline.com, a traumatic event is â€Å"an incident

Engineering Experiment on Friction free essay sample

This paper tests the co-efficient of friction and how it differs when weight and surface type are changed. The following paper aims to find the force required to move blocks of different weights across different surfaces, thus finding a value for friction and comparing the results with that of a textbook and recording any differences. The conclusion found in this paper is that friction is directly proportional to the weight force applied and is measured in terms of the coefficient of friction, represented by the Greek letter mu (m). The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force present and the normal reaction to the mating surfaces and is represented as, m = Ff Rn Rn = Normal reaction, weight force Fn = Frictional force But may also be worked out by dividing the force required in Kg by the weight of the object. Eg the force required to move a 25Kg object is 5Kg so to work out the coefficient of the object we would divide 5 by 25 to give a coefficient of 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Experiment on Friction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Because of this the surface area of the block is independent to that of the coefficient and is not needed when determining a value for friction. The coefficient of wood against wood is 0.35 giving a relatively low value for friction whereas rubber against concrete is 0.8 meaning it would be hard to slide rubber on concrete. The coefficient can be greatly reduced if a lubricant of some sort is applied in between the surfaces as it forms a layer preventing the bumps on the surfaces rubbing together making it easier to slide the objects past each other.

John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Essays

John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: Book 1: Chapter 1 Go: To the Table of Contents | This is the first Chapter | Forward to Next Chapter Book I - Neither Principles nor Ideas Are Innate Chapter I - No Innate Speculative Principles 1. The way shown how we come by any knowledge, sufficient to prove it not innate. It is an established opinion amongst some men, that there are in the understanding certain innate principles; some primary notions, koinai ennoiai, characters, as it were stamped upon the mind of man; which the soul receives in its very first being, and brings into the world with it. It would be sufficient to convince unprejudiced readers of the falseness of this supposition, if I should only show (as I hope I shall in the following parts of this Discourse) how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of any innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty, without any such original notions or principles. For I imagine any one will easily grant that it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a creature to whom God hath given sight, and a power to receive them by the eyes from external objects: and no less unreaso nable would it be to attribute several truths to the impressions of nature, and innate characters, when we may observe in ourselves faculties fit to attain as easy and certain knowledge of them as if they were originally imprinted on the mind. But because a man is not permitted without censure to follow his own thoughts in the search of truth, when they lead him ever so little out of the common road, I shall set down the reasons that made me doubt of the truth of that opinion, as an excuse for my mistake, if I be in one; which I leave to be considered by those who, with me, dispose themselves to embrace truth wherever they find it. 2. General assent the great argument. There is nothing more commonly taken for granted than that there are certain principles, both speculative and practical, (for they speak of both), universally agreed upon by all mankind: which therefore, they argue, must needs be the constant impressions which the souls of men receive in their first beings, and which they bring into the world with them, as necessarily and really as they do any of their inherent faculties. 3. Universal consent proves nothing innate. This argument, drawn from universal consent, has this misfortune in it, that if it were true in matter of fact, that there were certain truths wherein all mankind agreed, it would not prove them innate, if there can be any other way shown how men may come to that universal agreement, in the things they do consent in, which I presume may be done. 4. What is, is, and It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be, not universally assented to. But, which is worse, this argument of universal consent, which is made use of to prove innate principles, seems to me a demonstration that there are none such: because there are none to which all mankind give an universal assent. I shall begin with the speculative, and instance in those magnified principles of demonstration, Whatsoever is, is, and It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be; which, of all others, I think have the most allowed title to innate. These have so settled a reputation of maxims universally received, that it will no doubt be thought strange if any one should seem to question it. But yet I take liberty to say, that these propositions are so far from having an universal assent, that there are a great part of mankind to whom they are not so much as known. 5. Not on the mind naturally imprinted, because not known to children, idiots, &c. For, first, it is evident, that all children and idiots have not the least apprehension or thought of them. And the want of that is enough to destroy that universal assent which must needs be the necessary